Author :
Abstract
2013'ten bu yana pek çok ülke çatışmaların ve savaş kazalarının sayısında bir artış yaşıyor; çatışmaların sayısı 2013 ile 2014 yılları arasında 26'dan 30'a yükseldi (Gates vb, 2016). Genel olarak, insani yardım çalışanları giderek krizleri hedef alıyor; 2014'te yardım görevlilerine 110 saldırı düzenlendi ve 121 kişi ölümle sonuçlandı. Uluslararası aktörler hem daha yüksek bir fidye, hem de daha görünür bir siyasi ifade sundukları için kaçırma kurbanı olarak tercih edilirler (Stoddard, 2009). Personelin güvenliğini maksimize etme ihtiyacı, insani programlama ve izleme için minyatür erişim ile sonuçlanır. Her iki hükümet de, sınırları aşmak için sınırları kontrol etme girişiminde bulunan devlet dışı aktörler tarafından uygulanan kısıtlamalar; Araştırmacılar, artan şiddet ile insani varlığı azaltma arasında doğrudan bir bağıntı görüyorlar (Stoddard vs, 2014). Çatışma bölgelerinde çalışan uluslararası örgütlerin tehlikeli olabilecekleri veya erişimlerinin çok sınırlı olduğu durumlarda, durumdan kendilerini yoketmekten başka çaresi kalmazlar, elbette bu, yerel popülasyonlar üzerinde herhangi bir destek almadan kalacakları zararlı bir etkiye sahiptir . Ardından uzak programlama "bunkerizasyon" için en alternatif olacak (Egeland vs, 2011). Yerel aktörlerin, yerel bağlamla ilgili daha fazla bilgiye sahip olmaları ve toplulukta daha çok kabul görmeleri nedeniyle, uluslararası çalışanlara kıyasla daha az risk altında hizmetler sunabildiklerini varsayarken, hizmet sunumunu yerinde sürdürmeyi amaçlıyor. Yüksek riskli uluslararası kuruluşlardan ve ulusal personelin ulusal organizasyonlardaki gurbetçi personelin erişimini engelleyen bazı durumlarda, uzak programlar topluluklardan yerel aktörler tarafından yürütülür ve yönetilir. Bu literatür taraması, bu uzak ve denetim yaklaşımlarını, öğrenilen dersleri harmanlamak ve ulaşılamaz çatışma durumlarında insani programlama için en iyi uygulamaları belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Erişilebilir olmayan bölgelerdeki insani programlama ve izleme çeşitli yakın tarihli çatışmalarda gerekliyken kapsamlı talimat ve ayrıntılı strateji eksikliği nedeniyle deneme yanılma ile yönetilmektedir. Bu gözden geçirme, çatışma ortamlarında insani yardım örgütlerini desteklemek için kanıt yaratılmasını umuyor.
Keywords
Abstract
Since 2013 many countries have been a rise in both number of conflicts and battle casualties; the number of conflicts increased from 26 to 30 between 2013 and 2014 (Gates, etc, 2016). In general humanitarian relief workers have been increasingly targeted in crisis; there were 110 attacks on relief workers in 2014, resulting in 121 deaths. International actors are preferred as kidnapping victims as they provide both a higher ransom and a more visible political statement (Stoddard, etc, 2009). The need to maximize the safety of staff results in miniature access for humanitarian programming and monitoring. The restrictions imposed by both governments and non-state actors who are seeking to exercise control over territories making the access to reach very limited; The researchers see a direct correlation between increasing violence and shrinking humanitarian presence (Stoddard, etc, 2014). When the dangerous to international organizations working in conflict zones becomes highly or access is very limited, they are often left no other choice than to remove themselves from the situation., of course this has a harmful effect on local populations who will remain without any support. Then remote programming will be the most alternative to ‘bunkerization’ (Egeland, etc, 2011). It aims to continue the provision of services on the ground while it supposes that local actors are able to provide services at a reduced level of risk than that faced by international staff because they have greater knowledge of local context and more acceptance in the community. In some cases where a high risk prevents access for expatriate staff from international organizations and national staff from national organizations, remote programs are executed and managed by local actors from communities. This literature review aims to identify these remote and auditing approaches, collating lessons learned and best practices for humanitarian programming in inaccessible conflict situations. While humanitarian programming and monitoring in inaccessible zones has been required in several recent conflicts, it is having largely been governed by trial and error due to lack of comprehensive instruction and detailed strategy. This review hopes to inform the creation of evidence to support humanitarian organizations in conflict settings.
Keywords
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